of planning legislations, the public begin to blame institutions such as the Town and Country travels. However, in the other district groups that either have small cities or no cities in the North, the share of agriculture-only households increased during this period. socio-economic importance associated with urbanisation, it has some negative effects on urban This article therefore looks at In addition, while family networks previously mediated the negative effects of large families, resource constraints and economic decline have contributed to the reduction of family sizes and denudated the institutional structures of the extended family. Request Permissions, E. Wilbur Bock, Sugiyama Iutaka and Felix M. Berardo, International Journal of Sociology of the Family. Average farm size (ha) by farm size group, rural households, 2005/6 and 2012/13. stream Population and Housing Census 2010. urbanisation in Ghana include traffic congestion, unauthorised on-street parking, lack of parking Ghana has always been relatively urbanized compared to other African countries. The urbanization of America has changed so many cities and city life. T HE effect of urbanization Justice is often elusive for victims of this vice. The latter included farm size group, type of household head (youth, gender, level of education), the degree of urbanization of the districts in which the households live (using our district typology), and a set of infrastructural variables such as access to markets, public transportation, or electricity at the rural community level. But what defines an urban area and what makes it so attractive? employment opportunities, wealth creation leading to increase in income, municipal For instance, due to rapid urbanisation governments lack adequate financial resources to support infrastructure provision and services to without conscious efforts and interventions by municipal and metropolitan authorities. A more recent and opposing view point is that it is possible to main tain significant kinship relations within the urban, industrial setting. WebThe maintenance of large households and extended family relations is seen as being inimical to urbanization and industrialization. As cities and towns in Ghana urbanisation on livelihoods of urban dwellers in Ghana, it has some significance. Though transport operators are making profit which is contributing to This is no coincidence: no endstream endobj 133 0 obj<> endobj 135 0 obj<> endobj 136 0 obj<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>> endobj 137 0 obj<> endobj 138 0 obj<> endobj 139 0 obj[/ICCBased 151 0 R] endobj 140 0 obj<> endobj 141 0 obj<> endobj 142 0 obj<> endobj 143 0 obj<>stream It can therefore be concluded Note: Land is defined as cultivated farmland. The share of non-agriculture-only rural households increased in all district groups in Ghana between 2000 and 2010, though more rapidly in the South and especially in the big city and 2nd-tier city district groups. Urbanisation has brought about the development of slums and shanty towns in those Despite this exit, the share of rural agriculture-only households remains high in district groups without big and secondary cities in both the North and South, averaging 46 percent even in the South in 2010. It is therefore prudent that Ghana adheres to the national urban policy to deal with However, urbanization has been especially rapid in the past two decades, as shown in Figure 5.1. The induced innovation hypothesis predicts that urbanization and associated increases in population density and market access should lead to more intensive farming practices, both in terms of land-use patterns and the choice of technologies. The remaining regions: Ashanti, Central, Eastern, Greater Accra, Volta, and Western, are then grouped into the South, which is less dependent on agriculture, is more urbanized and densely populated, and has a well-developed rural nonfarm economy. Urbanization has also contributed to an increase in the share of small, part-time farms in the more urbanized areas, and a shift towards more medium-sized farms in the agriculturally important areas of the North. In its simplest form, it consists of a husband, wife and children, and in its complex and most common form it is extended to include grandparents, uncles, aunts, brothers and sisters who may have their own children and other immediate relatives. The extended family was, and continues to be, the first religious community to which an individual belongs. This result is somewhat surprising, since younger farmers might be expected to be more open to new technologies and knowledge than older adults. In traditional society, the wider family was the primary place where an individual exercised his or her freedom. The land market has also been affected tremendously as urban dwellers He then clarifies the difference between urbanization, which he describes as the process of a society becoming more urban-focused, and the growth of cities i.e. Most of this Therefore, the livelihoods of urban dwellers are affected hence dSqR'!+@'^<6=+G}W_>&CJJ8osh+|J^K CLYn=\;fWG%~u1yj4oxK6ePm}C1}|X3 }qi-@sn"b drhJf. Population and Housing Census 2000. For less urbanized areas, agriculture value added is 41.8% but only 10.0% in more urbanized areas. WebThis chapter explores how urbanization in Ghana has affected agricultural development in terms of rural employment, the farm size distribution, and use of modern inputs. There is a Gikuyu proverb that captures this idea, asserting that once born, a child cannot be abandoned. Towns and cities perform various functions not only for the While it accounts for 18.3% in the less urbanized areas, it accounts for 39.0% in the most urbanized areas. Email: paus160@yahoo.com Kingsley Davis, who is said to have pioneered the study of historical urban demography wrote his The Urbanization of the Human population in 1965. development in Ghanaian cities and towns are always proceeding before plan. It became later known as the Chicago School of Sociology and combined sociological and anthropological theory with ethnographic fieldwork to understand how individuals interact within urban social systems with different structural, cultural and social conditions. Consistent with patterns of soil fertility decline, the probit regression shows that effect of urbanization on fertilizer use is only significant in the North. proximity, among others. One acquired his or her identity from the group and depended on the group for physical and social survival. We now examine changes in the structure of rural employment across the seven district groups. This phenomenon was more prevalent in the relatively less urbanized districts, though its importance fell between 2005/6 and 2012/13 (GSS 2008; 2014not pictured in Figure 5.4). lots, etc. therefore made the cost of transport services very expensive due to the number of hours spent on WebAs discussed in earlier chapters, urbanization in Ghana has not been driven by an agricultural revolution and the development of a labor-intensive manufacturing sector but by rapid Web1 GHANAS URBANIZATION IN THE AFRICAN AND GLOBAL CONTEXT economic crisis of the late 1970s and early 1980s with its devastating effect on urban real incomes, net internal migration to the towns and cities shrank to a mere 18% of urban growth during 1970-1984 (Benneh et.al, 1990, p.39). WebThe trafficking of children in close border interactions has also affected the African family. The share of farmers using mechanization (mostly tractors for land preparation) doubled from 17 percent in 2005/6 to 33 percent in 2012/13 (based on GLSS5 and GLSS6 data). terms of travel time and distance has to be borne by the urban dwellers. Input-use patterns appear to be more strongly associated with the need to save labor because of rising wages and by the growth of medium-sized farms. McIntire, John, Daniel Bourzat, and Prabhu Pingali. Further insights can be obtained by using regression techniques to unravel more complex multivariate relationships. Globalization has also fostered new forms of migration as Africans seek better economic opportunities in Europe, USA, UK, Middle East, Australia, Canada etc. In this section we explore how the changes in poverty are related to the urbanization, by disaggregating poverty rates according to our urban district typology. Additionally, areas zoned for greenery open space to give aesthetic beauty to the urban landscape However, there was a reverse trend in the most urbanized districts of the South, where the shares of small farms increased from 77 percent to 90 percent in big city districts and from 52.6 percent to 61.8 percent in 2nd-tier districts, while larger farms with more than 5 ha cultivated land virtually disappeared in the big city districts. s]`&8RJ8$ %:8FD07a~+|qsTA}1@y-9o"'kl=u6l8iVyNr [?A6ak`CT0R^hMZ It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. Although there has been substantial uptake of fertilizers, herbicides, and mechanization in recent years, we find only limited support for the hypothesis that this has been driven by urbanization, and this support is mainly in the North and in some districts with big cities in the South. cities. There has been a modest but surprising decline in the shares of agriculture/non-agriculture mixed rural households in both North and South (Table 5.2). The findings illustrate that urbanization is increasing the share of rural households in the nonfarm economy, and contributed to a shift towards more medium-sized farms in the agriculturally important areas of the north. First, are patterns of rural employment in Ghana changing with urbanization and are those changes related in any systematic way with proximity to urban centers of different sizes? Ghana has created land use disorder and uncontrolled urban sprawl. The regression also shows a significant increase in the predicted probability of using fertilizer in 2012/13 relative to 2005/6, suggesting that fertilizer subsidy introduced since 2007/8 could be leading to more fertilizer use among all types of farm households. The induced innovation hypothesis predicts that urbanization and associated increases in population density and market access should lead to more intensive farming practices, both in terms of the land-use patterns and the choice of technologies. The first rests on Max Webers concept of elective affinity between strata in a population and religious beliefs. services at cheaper cost as compared with those that access services within their neighbourhood. Some insights about this can be gained from the GLSS data. Urbanisation is one of the most significant processes that have affected human The extended family was and is also a means of mutual support. WebAccording to Education Portal (2000), rural to urban migration provides manpower to industries, which facilitates production and economic growth. URBAN AREA is that place where the density of human population is higher and the human-built features are vast in number when compared to its surroundings. The regression analysis is also consistent with the narratives of Chapter 6 in terms of the relationship between farm size and use of modern inputs. The main observation concerns the shift to a service economy of urbanized Africa: the most urbanized areas employ 52.6% of workers in services, the less urbanized areas 17.8%. The latest Kenya Health and Demographic Survey (2013) demonstrates that 45% of women and 10% of men have reported being violated by an intimate partner. As discussed in earlier chapters, urbanization in Ghana has not been driven by an agricultural revolution and the development of a labor-intensive manufacturing sector but by rapid growth in the services sector. The probability for any modern input use or labor hiring increases by 4.1810.3 percent in the communities with easy access to public transportation, while market access seems to be only positively associated with hiring labor and the sign is negative for the use of other inputs. Note: Urban population share is for the census years, which is the ending year of each period along the x-axis. Note: There are few agriculture-only or nonagriculture-only rural household samples in the surveys for a few district groups. The family in Africa is a complex institution and one cannot describe it without falling into the trap of generalizations and reductionism. Factors that influenced the rural-urbanization shift vary greatly but the evidence is documented, its became more apparent that time alone is not bringing more people to the rural areas of Canada. This is partially due to the post-Independence expansion of the cocoa sector (Jedwab and Moradi 2011), and the promotion of state-owned industries in the late 1960s and early 1970s (Ackah, Adjasi, and Turkson 2014). Annual growth rate in employment between census years and agricultural share of total employment in census years, 19602010. Those norms served as a blueprint for life. settlements; weak urban governance and institutional coordination; weak information, education Proponents of this position suggest that while conditions of modern so Through various rites of passage, one progressively became a fuller member of society and took on a role in ensuring the survival of the group through marriage and procreation. Rural households in all the three district groups in the agriculturally important North have a higher predicted probability of using fertilizers than households in the South, which as we mentioned above, may be driven by increasing soil fertility problems in the North. The principle that guides relationships is that of Ubuntu or you are because we are and the extended family thus becomes a means of social, psychological, moral, material and spiritual support through thick and thin. plans in a form of monitoring and evaluation to ensure that, work proceeds according to plan and FarmNonfarm Linkages in Rural Sub-Saharan Africa. It was through parents, grandparents and other members that one learned about religious and spiritual heritage. Areas zoned for residential land use are being converted to commercial and industrial land uses. A large number of children grow up in female-headed families with little or no financial support. Therefore, the chapter develops a spatial typology of seven types of districts based on their city population size and location in the north or south of the country and examines the share of households employed in agriculture, nonagriculture, or both across these different district types. Accra. Done in chronological order, the documentary explores how these US cities were developed by visionary citizens who combined, urban planning, design, and architecture to change the way people lived. regional and global levels. Only in the areas with relatively larger cities did non-agriculture-only households dominate in the rural areas in 2010. It is an inter-sectoral phenomenon involving all aspects citizenry. the expansion of their boundaries. the effects of urbanisation on urban livelihoods in Ghana. Thus, while many rural households have switched entirely from agriculture to non-agriculture, a declining share of rural households are straddling the two sectors through their primary occupations. As increasing numbers of women have joined the workforce, single and female-headed households have become a discernible pattern on the African social landscape. |4jW>F%X** PRfU#mA\q^gM[/7M]B:v?G%BL/ residents per month (UN Habitat 2008, p.5). By 2010, Ghanas urban populationdefined as people living in settlements of more than 5,000 peoplesurpassed 50 percent of the total population for the first time (GSS 2013). meet the increasing population. The Impact of Urban Growth on Agricultural and Rural Nonfarm Growth in Kenya. urban infrastructure and services; increasing urban insecurity; urban poverty, slums and squatter The process of gentrification tends to take place in inner-city neighborhoods that are located close to central business districts. in Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolis as a result of the emergence of oil and gas industry, transport 5 0 obj Another social change that is undermining kinship-based family structure is the prevalence of single parenthood, particularly among urban women. The family and home which are supposed to be the safest space for men, women and children have become sites of struggle, pain, abuse, neglect and disintegration. Classifying districts based on their level of urbanization reflects farmers access to different-sized market centers with different population densities (Table 5.1). The close In both the North and South, small farms are less likely to use herbicides or insecticides than medium-sized or large farms (with exceptions for larger-than-20-ha size group in the South, (again possibly due to few observations in the survey). The findings show though that while there has been substantial uptake of fertilizers, herbicides, and mechanization in recent years, there is only limited support that this has been driven by urbanization. Census data. Another general result is that households are poorer than nonagricultural households in both regions, a pattern that did not change between 2005/6 and 2012/13. effects of urbanisation on urban livelihoods. In rural areas, polygyny survives largely due to the imperative established by the sexual division of labour that marks the sphere of agriculture, while in urban areas it takes diverse forms. Hopefully, the present research stimulates further investigation of the impact of early stages of urbanization and industrialization. Copyright 1994 - 2023 GhanaWeb. urban land use are not able to execute their responsibilities effectively due to rapid urbanisation. degeneration of livelihoods especially the urban poor. The family is also marked by tensions between African cultural values, Christian teachings, secularism, religions and other ideologies. However, it does seem that many households whose members primary occupations lie outside agriculture are still engaged in farming as a secondary or part-time occupation. They sought to address the physical. The marginal effect of urbanization on the use of other inputs is not always consistent with that for fertilizer use. By: Paul Kwasi Analyzing Trends in Herbicide Use in Sub-Saharan Africa. In this paper, the authors examined the effects Urban Proximity, Agricultural Potential and Rural Non-farm Employment: Evidence from Bangladesh. Fertilizer use, particularly inorganic fertilizer, has increased significantly in Ghana from 3.7 kg NPK/ha arable land in 2002 to 35.8 kg/ha in 2013 (Chapter 4). Table 5.4 displays poverty rates for agriculture-only and non-agriculture-only rural households as well as for total rural households in the North and South across different district groups in 2005/6 and 2012/13. Gender Differences in Agricultural Productivity: A Survey of Empirical Evidence. The high cost of rent has worsened the livelihoods of urban dwellers as huge proportion of In the probit estimation, we have pooled data together from the two rounds of surveysGLSS5 and GLSS6, and hence we also include a year dummy for 2012/13 (GLSS6), as well as the interactive effects of year and youth and year and gender in the regression. state are channeled into addressing that flooding situation which that disaster could have been However, the census data do not capture secondary or part-time occupations, so it is possible that more rural households have maintained a mixed strategy than shown in Table 5.2, but on a part-time basis. importance of rapid urbanisation includes the following: towns and cities become resilient and * p<0.1. Urbanisation has made To answer these questions the analysis goes beyond the usual agroecological breakdown (Chapter 4) and uses a spatial typology of rural areas based on work by Berdegue et al. Copyright 2023 IPL.org All rights reserved. One significant effects of rapid urbanisation is access to housing or shelter. The average farm size for the small farms with less than 2 ha is about 0.91 and 0.95 ha in 2005/6 (GLSS5) and 2012/13 (GLSS6), respectively, at the national level, and 3.02 ha and 3.05 ha for the farm size group of 25 ha in these two rounds of the surveys, while farms of 520 ha in size have become marginally smaller on average. These patterns of change in household employment have also led to spatial patterns of change in the incidence of poverty. Urbanization, as captured through our typology, has some significant but complex links with agricultural intensification. Webeffects of modernization on family institution cannot be under-estimated. now lives in cities and by 2030, this percentage would have risen to almost 60%. More generally, fertilizer appears to be used mainly for offsetting declining soil fertility rather than intensification. Thus the trend toward modernity is evident in the gradual transformation of African marriage and family organization away from corporate kinship and extended families toward nuclear households, especially in urban areas and among the educated. Some Similar patterns of change occurred on average in both the North and South. In essence, these are traits attributed from an extended family household where critics such as Kwasi (2022) and ACMC (2022) further elucidate advantages from the Rural urban migration also contributes to an increase in crime rate within urban centers. Webeffects of urbanization on the extended family in ghana. By far the largest share of nonagricultural employment in the rural areas is in informal activities, and this is true for all district groups in both census years. However, these changes in the distribution of rural households by farm size seem not to have affected the average farm sizes of small, medium, and large farms (Figure 5.5). 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