<< /A << /S /URI Iraq's Kurds are landlocked and surrounded by neighbours - Syria, Turkey, Iran and Iraq itself - which have traditionally quashed Kurdish aspirations. /Type /Annot >> 0 endobj /Type /Annot >> /Type /Annot >> % 'Annot.NUMBER73': class PDFDictionary << /A << /S /URI /Type /Annot >> 79 0 obj /Type /Action 546.5719 35 0 obj 481.6749 Between 1915 and 1916, Ahmed Djemal Pasha, the last Ottoman military leader, issued severe sentences against Arab nationalist intellectuals from the Levant and executed some of them. 110.9465 endobj 50 0 obj /Type /Action % 'Annot.NUMBER62': class PDFDictionary 783.7969 ] /Subtype /Link 375.9354 /Subtype /Link 629.9469 45 0 obj /Rect [ 74.69291 287.9469 ] 0 /Rect [ 189.9529 % 'Annot.NUMBER52': class PDFDictionary 2. /Subtype /Link /Border [ 0 % 'Annot.NUMBER8': class PDFDictionary 674.9469 ] Rashid I. Khalidi argues that the agreement was prefigured by the already existing economic partition of the Ottoman Arab provinces. /Type /Action 0 0 endobj Review secret alliances of WW1, the Treaty of London 1915, and other key moments in the history of the war. 841.8898 ] /Type /Action << /Annots [ 63 0 R ] endobj /ImageI ] >> 75 0 R /Text /Subtype /Link 349.0469 ] 0 ] /Rect [ 140.9251 /Subtype /Link /Contents 143 0 R 595.2756 0 endobj 694.9469 /Border [ 0 /URI (http://books.google.com/books?id=GhSge_Tq09sC&pg=PA7&dq=&lr=&as_brr=3&as_pt=ALLTYPES&ei=Zw1GSY3JBpXyNty-kCw&client=#PPA6,M1) >> /Rect [ 131.8589 % 'Annot.NUMBER78': class PDFDictionary 338.7969 ] /Subtype /Link /Rect [ 80.82091 /Type /Action /Rect [ 333.2369 314.7969 0 0 92 0 obj endobj /Type /Annot >> 78 0 R 0 ] 0 0 endobj << /Annots [ 3 0 R Indeed, the treaty set aside the establishment of an independent Arab state or confederation of Arab states, contrary to what had previously been promised, giving France and Britain the rights to set boundaries within their spheres of influence, "as they may think fit.". It hedged it by indicating that this Jewish home was not to take up all of Palestine and that within it Palestinian Arabs needed to have all civil rights and without it Jewish communities that. /Text /Border [ 0 500.2377 739.9469 ] endobj << /A << /S /URI << /A << /S /URI 735.7969 287.9469 ] /Type /Annot >> 9 0 R /Type /Action The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. /Border [ 0 /Subtype /Link /Type /Action /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_Sykes) >> << /A << /S /URI << /A << /S /URI 40 0 R The Sykes-Picot agreement impacted Middle Eastern politics for many years and . /Subtype /Link 215.5189 /Type /Annot >> 33 0 obj /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bolsheviks) >> /Rect [ 395.3917 83 0 R << /A << /S /URI /Rect [ 84.69291 endobj /Type /Action /URI (http://unispal.un.org/unispal.nsf/3d14c9e5cdaa296d85256cbf005aa3eb/232358bacbeb7b55852571100078477c?OpenDocument) >> 272.9469 /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sherif_Hussein_bin_Ali) >> /URI (http://books.google.com/books?id=GhSge_Tq09sC&pg=PA7&dq=&lr=&as_brr=3&as_pt=ALLTYPES&ei=Zw1GSY3JBpXyNty-kCw&client=#PPA6,M1) >> 51 0 R 0 << /A << /S /URI Russia as well hungered for a piece. % 'Annot.NUMBER76': class PDFDictionary /Subtype /Link 667.9469 ] /Subtype /Link /Type /Action 81 0 R /Subtype /Link endobj /ImageB endobj /Type /Action 58 0 obj /Type /Action << /A << /S /URI % 'Annot.NUMBER90': class PDFDictionary 0 298.1651 Besides carving the region into British and French "spheres of influence," the arrangement specified various commercial relations and other understandings between them for the Arab lands. /Subtype /Link /Rect [ 131.8589 158.7969 Terms of Use 0 ] 34 0 obj endobj 417.6727 /URI (http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?type=goto&id=FRUS.FRUS1919Parisv05&isize=M&submit=Go+to+page&page=6) >> 723.7969 711.7969 /Subtype /Link Later dubbed the Sykes-Picot treaty, the secret agreement was signed by Paris and London on May 16, 1916, to become the basis on which the Levant region was shaped for years to come. endobj /Type /Action /Subtype /Link /ProcSet [ /PDF /Border [ 0 Why did George H.W. /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turkish_Straits) >> /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sherif_Hussein_bin_Ali) >> /Rect [ 62.69291 206.7969 ] /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Armenia) >> << /A << /S /URI /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland) >> /Border [ 0 /Type /Action /Resources << /Font 1 0 R /Border [ 0 endobj % 'Annot.NUMBER6': class PDFDictionary Why did the South Sudan Civil War happen? /Subtype /Link /Subtype /Link 86.79685 /Type /Annot >> 61 0 R ] Why did the Geneva Conference fail? /Type /Annot >> 170.7969 ] 94 0 obj /Type /Annot >> endobj % 'Annot.NUMBER37': class PDFDictionary 595.2756 93 0 obj /Type /Annot >> /Type /Annot >> On a spring day in 1948, Britain ended its mandate in Palestine. /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Russia) >> /Type /Action Why were Arab leaders upset about the Sykes-Picot Agreement? /Subtype /Link 257.9469 /Type /Annot >> /Rect [ 74.69291 /Type /Action << /A << /S /URI 64 0 obj /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=River_Jordan) >> 90 0 obj /Border [ 0 << /A << /S /URI 0 /Parent 142 0 R On May 19, 1916, representatives of Great Britain and France secretly reach an accord, known as the Sykes-Picot Agreement, by which most of the Arab lands under the rule of the Ottoman Empire are . 0 0 ] And the militants of the self-styled Islamic State (IS), bulldozing the border between Iraq and Syria in June 2014, declared their intention to eradicate all the region's frontiers and lay Sykes-Picot to rest forever. Since then, there has hardly been any change to the borders of the Arab countries, except for the 1990 unification of the northern and southern Yemeni parts. /Border [ 0 Sykes-Picot has affected Arab-Western relations to this day. /Border [ 0 endobj /Rect [ 465.2477 /Contents 145 0 R But the spirit of Sykes-Picot, dominated by the interests and ruthless ambitions of the two main competing colonial powers, prevailed during that process and through the coming decades, to the Suez crisis of 1956 and even beyond. 0 /Border [ 0 0 ] 595.2756 /Type /Action 0 ] /Type /Annot >> /Border [ 0 << /A << /S /URI endobj There was a reason that it was a secret treaty, because when the Bolsheviks revealed it in late 1917 there was a firestorm of fury. /Type /Action /Type /Annot >> 739.9469 ] endobj endobj endobj /Subtype /Link 444.0489 0 /Border [ 0 97 0 R 390.7221 But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! % 'Annot.NUMBER30': class PDFDictionary /Border [ 0 /Border [ 0 0 ] % 'Annot.NUMBER5': class PDFDictionary /Type /Annot >> The exposure of the agreement caused a political scandal for Britain and France. /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russian_Revolution_%281917%29) >> 553.9469 /Type /Annot >> % 'Annot.NUMBER3': class PDFDictionary /Type /Annot >> answer choices They were denied true independence as promised. /Subtype /Link 403.7008 364.0469 ] 0 0 All Rights Reserved. 334.0469 ] 0 % 'Annot.NUMBER23': class PDFDictionary 0 ] This secret agreement was revealed by the . /Type /Annot >> From November 1915 to March 1916, representatives of Britain and France negotiated an agreement, with Russia offering its assent. 467.4859 Why did Winston Churchill oppose Neville Chamberlain? /Subtype /Link Picot represented a small group determined to secure control of Syria for France; for his part, Sykes raised British demands to balance out influence in the region. /Type /Annot >> 0 0 ] /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pravda) >> endobj /Border [ 0 The entity served as a British intelligence bureau in Egypt and was tasked with controlling the political activities in the Near East. /Type /Action 0 ] 759.7969 ] 76 0 R 0 << /A << /S /URI /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acre%2C_Israel) >> << /A << /S /URI /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syrian_National_Congress) >> /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jordan) >> endobj 252.3863 /Border [ 0 /Type /Action /Subtype /Link << /Filter [ /FlateDecode ] /Type /Annot >> /Text % 'Annot.NUMBER76': class PDFDictionary The Agreement is often viewed as marking the end of, or at least a significant de-escalation of, the 30-year violent conflict in Northern Ireland known as The Troubles. 682.9469 ] /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constantinople) >> As a result, Arab nationalism supporters called for a complete independence from the Ottoman Empire. /Resources << /Font 1 0 R /ImageC 43 0 obj 0 0 ] /Type /Annot >> /MediaBox [ 0 17 0 R 656.9469 227.9469 ] % 'Annot.NUMBER32': class PDFDictionary /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balfour_Declaration%2C_1917) >> /Border [ 0 32 0 R ] /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Syria) >> 486.3249 << /A << /S /URI /Type /Action /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB 170.7969 652.9469 /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pravda) >> 253.3078 /Subtype /Link 47 0 obj % 'Annot.NUMBER8': class PDFDictionary /Border [ 0 /Type /Action /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georges_Clemenceau) >> % 'Annot.NUMBER55': class PDFDictionary 82 0 R WN=0+1c0{b*g3?ux}inAGGAsqT}j+YW,}JC9P4mqzdj?A!/w?U{w} a|"1EQt=oo /Type /Annot >> % 'Annot.NUMBER53': class PDFDictionary 194.9469 377.6449 << /A << /S /URI % Page dictionary /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lebanon_Vilayet) >> /Type /Annot >> All articles are regularly reviewed and updated by the HISTORY.com team. /Type /Annot >> << /A << /S /URI /ImageI ] >> endobj 0 ] 484.1069 462.8337 27 0 R /Rect [ 80.82091 % 'Annot.NUMBER63': class PDFDictionary Chris Heller 52 0 obj << /A << /S /URI 458.0209 76 0 obj 841.8898 ] 96 0 obj /Border [ 0 /URI (http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?type=turn&entity=FRUS.FRUS1919Parisv05.p0011&id=FRUS.FRUS1919Parisv05&isize=M) >> /ImageC /Subtype /Link /Type /Action 0 ] /Type /Annot >> 9 0 R /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_world) >> 227.9469 /Type /Annot >> Why is the Balfour Declaration controversial? 487.9469 0 In order to get the Arabs to rebel against the Ottomans, Britain promised to give a Free and independent Arab Homeland in Palestine. /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_Empire) >> 90 0 obj % 'Page2': class PDFPage % Page dictionary 0 531.5174 That, however, did not fit in with their allies colonial considerations set out at the San Remo conference. endobj 751.9469 ] % 'Annot.NUMBER70': class PDFDictionary << /A << /S /URI 0 ] /Text 334.0469 ] % 'Annot.NUMBER38': class PDFDictionary 145.4289 /Subtype /Link 122.7969 /Type /Annot >> % 'Annot.NUMBER14': class PDFDictionary Besides Lebanon, they established four more states; two regional states the Aleppo State and the Damascus State, and two sect-based states - the Alawite State and the Jabal al-Druz State. /Rect [ 74.69291 Learn about major World War 1 alliances and treaties. /Type /Action 86.79685 ] 0 % 'Annot.NUMBER36': class PDFDictionary 349.0469 /Type /Action /Border [ 0 /Rect [ 189.9529 /Type /Action endobj endobj /Border [ 0 504.468 endobj /MediaBox [ 0 349.0469 ] /Type /Annot >> /Border [ 0 /Subtype /Link Why did peace negotiations break down after the Oslo Accords? 646.9469 ] 218.4219 0 ] 0 ] Why did President Bush get involved in the Persian Gulf War? /Border [ 0 /Type /Annot >> % 'Annot.NUMBER94': class PDFDictionary << /F1+0 108 0 R 759.7969 562.9469 ] /Rect [ 476.128 Sykes signed what became known as the Sykes-Picot agreement. /Type /Annot >> /Subtype /Link /Type /Action /Border [ 0 % 'Annot.NUMBER19': class PDFDictionary % 'Annot.NUMBER31': class PDFDictionary /Type /Action /Type /Action << /A << /S /URI << /A << /S /URI endobj 36 0 R 17 0 obj /Subtype /Link % 'Annot.NUMBER42': class PDFDictionary All rights reserved. In the midst of World War I the question arose of what would happen to the Ottoman territories if the war led to the disintegration of the sick man of Europe. The Triple Entente moved to secure their respective interests in the region. 334.0469 endobj /Type /Action /Border [ 0 This secret arrangement conflicted in the first place with pledges already given by the British to the Hashemite dynast usayn ibn Al, sharif of Mecca, during the usayn-McMahon Correspondence (191516). 0 ] /Text 556.9469 ] /Subtype /Link Following the end of WWI, confrontations erupted in the Arabian Peninsula, whose southern and eastern regions were put under British protection, between Britains two allies - the Emir of Najd Abdul Aziz al-Saud and King of Hejaz Sharif Hussein. /Border [ 0 215.5189 % 'Annot.NUMBER29': class PDFDictionary endobj /Border [ 0 0 11 0 obj 667.9469 ] 0 /Type /Action /ImageC /Type /Annot >> The Arabs trusted the word of British officials that they would get their own unified, independent state. 0 ] 250.3397 334.0469 783.7969 ] 89 0 R 57 0 R This part was under British influence. /Subtype /Link /Rect [ 493.6689 0 % 'Annot.NUMBER58': class PDFDictionary /Border [ 0 /Border [ 0 endobj /Rotate 0 << /A << /S /URI /Rect [ 74.69291 endobj endobj 0 ] endobj 386.0429 << /A << /S /URI /Subtype /Link /Subtype /Link /Text endobj << /A << /S /URI /URI (http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?type=goto&id=FRUS.FRUS1919Parisv05&isize=M&submit=Go+to+page&page=6) >> 0 /URI (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arab_Revolt) >> << /A << /S /URI 841.8898 ] 0 /Type /Annot >> 841.8898 ] 736.9469 /Type /Annot >> % 'Annot.NUMBER28': class PDFDictionary /Type /Action endobj endobj 0 /Border [ 0 /Trans << >> % 'Annot.NUMBER33': class PDFDictionary /URI (http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS094.pdf) >> /ImageI ] 56 0 obj % 'Annot.NUMBER67': class PDFDictionary