A-62. A situation template is a visual illustration of how the enemy force might look and act without the effects of weather and terrain. 8. Without determining a valid decisive point, the leader cannot begin to develop a valid or tactically sound COA. A COA sketch developed in one of several COA-editing tools that have been used as data-entry interfaces to CADET. It is beneficial for flight crews to know the area's weather trends. Civil considerations are important when conducting operations against terrorist or insurgent forces in urban areas. Implied tasks derive from a detailed analysis of higher up orders, from the enemy situation and COA, from the terrain, and from knowledge of doctrine and history. Analysis of terrain answers the question: What is the terrains effect on the operation? He applies the results to the friendly and enemy COA he develops. They were calling for three miles visibility, which is certainly legal weather. Leaders must understand assumption the battalion (S-2 uses to portray the enemy's COA.
From this analysis, he might be able to determine patterns in the enemy's employment or troops and equipment. We had passengers, field Soldiers, aircrew and our aircraft to consider. . Leaders also consider the effects of manmade and natural terrain in conjunction with the weather on friendly and enemy operations. They identify the tasks and purposes, and how their immediate higher up are contributing to the fight. The CCIRs identify and filter information needed by leaders to support their vision and to make critical decisions, especially to determine or validate COA. NAI LOCATION EN COA INDICATOR NET/ NLT PRIORITY PRIMARY/ ALTERNATE CONFIRMATION REMARKS EVENT MATRIX (S2) ISR MATRIX (S3) 1. With the preflight accomplished and the gear prearranged where we wanted it, we headed for the dining facility to grab dinner before our long mission. Perhaps the most critical aspect of mission analysis is determining the combat potential of ones own force. The leader looks at specific enemy actions during a given operation and uses the appropriate situation template to gain insights into how the enemy may fight. EEFI are the critical aspects of a friendly operation if known by the enemy, that subsequently would compromise or lead to failure of the operation. Array initial forces.
This is known as "arraying forces" or "assigning troops to task." These may be indigenous, come from a third country or U.S. agencies. Higher headquarters provides the leader with civil considerations affecting the next echelons mission. Notes COA statement must clearly portray how the unit A-86. A-78. A-108. This is extremely important in understanding when and where to commit combat power, what relationships can be reinforced with certain groups versus what relationships need to start or cease, and ultimately what second and third order effects our actions will have in the area of operation. If he has no mutually supporting mobility corridors, then a single mobility corridor might become an avenue of approach.
This fact forces leaders to determine how to get assistance when the situation exceeds their capabilities. Doctrinal Analysis (How Enemy Will Fight)
How will it affect the enemy? Prepare a COA statement and sketch. This judgment call is unique to the specific METT-TC conditions the leader faces. A-109. Information Requirements
He made an informed decision to put the crews on standby in case the weather lifted. At the lower levels, leaders conduct their mission analyses by evaluating METT-TC.
PPTX Slide 1 (DRAW-D [defends, reinforce, attack, withdraw, or delay]). Specified tasks are specifically assigned to a unit by a higher headquarters and are found throughout the OPORD.
However, they must conduct their own detailed analyses to determine how terrain and weather uniquely affects their units' missions and the enemy. Leaders who identify the economic production base of their area of operation can execute civil-military campaigns within their area of operation bolstering the economic welfare of the people. A leader may take as much time as needed, while still adhering to the one-third/two-thirds rule. Commanders should limit their CCIRs to essential information. Given more time, they might analyze the remainder of their platoons area of operation and area of interest. When the leader decides what risks he is willing to accept, he also must decide in his COA how to reduce risk to an acceptable level. Deductions resulting from the relative combat power analysis.
Documents Required for Senior Personnel - Funding at NSF | NSF Critical events for each COA. A-66. The problem statement generated during problem framing communicates the commander's understanding of the problem or problem set upon which the organization will act. Do not discuss this assignment or your answers with anyone other than a Department of Distance Education (DDE) instructor or your academic advisor Some temperature considerations include: A-65. How will each avenue of approach affect the rate of movement of each type force? Most importantly, as events occur, he must adjust the time available to him and assess its impact on what he wants to accomplish. A-64. A COA should be suitable, feasible, acceptable, distinguishable, and complete: Note. Operations/actions consist of numerous activities, events, and tasks. A-121. Will wind speed cause obscurants to dissipate quickly?
Areas
The reason units are arrayed as shown on the sketch. Or, they might have to move much more slowly than they would like. Assumptions Courses of Action (COA) Refined COAs Potential decision points War-game results Initial assessment measures Update assumption Approved COA Adv/Disadvantages of each COA COA. Mission analysis has no time standard. If a solution does not exist, the leader must develop one. Existing obstacles, natural include rivers; forests; mountains; ravines; gaps and ditches more than three meters wide; tree stumps and large rocks more than 18 inches high; forests with trees eight inches or more in diameter, with less than four meters between trees.
What locations afford cover and concealment as well as good observation and fields of fire? How does the operation affect the civilians? The operations purpose usually matches or achieves the purpose of the immediate higher headquarters. For decisive operations, since the purposes are the same (nested concept) the essential task also accomplishes the higher headquarters purpose. The decisive point might be where or how, or from where, the unit will combine the effects of combat power against the enemy. However, if it offers cover and concealment, observation, and good fields of fire on multiple avenues of approach, or on the only avenue of approach, then it offers a definite advantage to whoever controls it. To anticipate events within the area of operations. Every culture, every group of people, has patterns of behavior. He determines the disposition of the next two higher enemy elements. Existing obstacles, man-made include towns; canals; railroad embankments; buildings; power lines; telephone lines. On another mission, we were told we had legal weather, the forecaster reporting three miles visibility.
It can do this by masking the target or by reducing overhead clearance. If executed, the COA accomplishes the mission consistent with the higher commander's concept and intent.
Based on the S-2s assessment and enemy's doctrine and current location, the leader must determine the enemy's capabilities. This is not for analysis, but to show subordinates the details of the anticipated enemy COA. Defensive considerations the leader can include in his evaluation of avenues of approach: Key Terrain
The concept of the operation describes the relationships between activities, events, and tasks, and explains how the tasks will lead to accomplishing the mission. Friendly forces information requirements include information leaders need to know about their units or about adjacent units to make critical decisions. All work must be your own. A-115. OAKOC. To do this, they answer the five Ws . He allocates resources required for the decisive operation's success first and determines the resources needed for shaping operations in descending order of importance. It was a familiar mission; a flight of two UH-60Ls were to fly a five-and-a-half-hour ring route under night vision goggles.
An example of a (partial) sketch of a course of action. A-60. Using the results of all previous analyses done during mission analysis, the leader compares his unit's combat power strengths and weaknesses with those of the enemy. If more than one COA is developed, it must be sufficiently different from the others to justify full development and consideration. Even if time is tight, the leader should allocate as much time as possible to factor, starting at the objective area, and analyzing other aspects of key terrain. Money and resources drive prosperity and stability. The military advantage gained by executing the COA must justify the cost in resources, especially casualties. The co-pilot turned the aircraft and started a climb in preparation for an emergency GPS recovery. PPT MDMP Class (Military Decision Making Process) PowerPoint Routine, cyclical, planned, or spontaneous activities which significantly affect organizations, people, and military operations, including seasons, festivals, holidays, funerals, political rallies, and agricultural crop/livestock and market cycles and paydays. Categories of terrain, unrestricted terrain free of restrictions to movement, so no actions are needed to enhance mobility. ATP 2-01.3 for more information. Mission analysis answers the four questions of the leader's visualization: The following video explains step 3 of the Troop Leading Procedures. A-26. A-107. of the enemy and update their enemy templates as new information or trends become available. Where is the dead space in my area of operations? The leader identifies critical factors about cloud cover, including limits on illumination and solar heating of targets.
War gaming is the process of determining "what if?" Some situations have no decisive terrain. Analyzing METT-TC is a continuous process. Staff COA. An intervisibility line analysis enables the leader to visualize the profile view of terrain when only a topographic product (map) is provided. Leaders must understand how their units' purposes relate to higher. Designating a decisive point is critical to the leader's vision of how he will use combat power to achieve the purpose, how he will task-organize his unit and how his shaping operations will support the decisive operation, and how the decisive operation will accomplish the unit's purpose. Cloud cover affects ground operations by limiting illumination and solar heating of targets. Leaders assess risk continuously throughout COA development. The unit has the technical and tactical skills and resources to accomplish the COA, with available time, space, and resources. Where will the enemy be unable to concentrate fires? A-106. This additional information will assist the approval authority in making the final decision to accept the risk. Leaders analyze the enemy's dispositions, compositions, strengths, doctrine, equipment, capabilities, vulnerabilities, and probable COA. Civil considerations include the influences of manmade infrastructure, civilian institutions, and attitudes, activities of civilian leaders, populations, and organizations within an area of operation, with regard to the conduct of military operations. Most terrorists and insurgents depend on the support or neutrality of the civilian population to camouflage them. Enemy Situation Template
Civil considerations generally focus on the immediate impact of civilians on operations in progress. If it does, the leader's job is to take the existing solution and modify it to his unique situation. Evaluation of weather in support of these operations requires information on the wind at the surface as well as at varying altitudes. Biographical Sketch. What additional Soldiers or units will accompany? Another critical step was checking the weather for the evening. If necessary, how can I avoid such features? If so, then they must decide how to adjust their plans to meet these new situations. What locations have clear observation and fields of fire along enemy avenues of approach? To determine conditions and resources required for success. In order to make the creation of COA diagrams eortless for the user, interaction must occur eortlessly and the interface should be invisible to the user. Where do I position indirect fire observers? COA statment and sketch Cover the; who (generic task organization), what (tasks), when, where, and why (purpose) for each subordinate unit. Match. The initial commander's intent describes the purpose of the operation, initial key tasks, and the desired end state. Each COA the leader develops must be detailed enough to clearly describe how he envisions using all of his assets and combat multipliers to achieve the unit's mission-essential task and purpose. War gaming is a critical step in the planning process and should be allocated more time than the other steps. Second, leaders confirm the missions decisive point. A-63. If the information is available, he determines the echelon force where the enemy originated. The first three steps of COA development provide the bulk of the COA statement. e. Mission.
When the mission window passed, he canceled the mission. Lost opportunity, such as movement across terrain severely restricts the speed of traverse. What (the unit's essential task and type of operation). They could have a hard time maintaining optimum speed, moving in some types of combat formations, or transitioning from one formation to another. The length of crossover time depends on air temperature, soil and vegetation types, amount of cloud cover, and other factors.
Military Decision Making Process (Mar 08) 2 This team effort ensured a more accurate assessment for the battle captain. Assessments regarding on-order and be-prepared missions. Analysis of civil considerations answers three critical questions, A-90. 1 level below BN sketch)w/ all crew served weapons (SITEMP) using AGADAP Analyze relative combat power (Caps by WFF) Generate Options Array Forces - Battle Positions, EA's, Routes, Times, Reserves, Crew Served WPNs Systems, Etc.. Differences between the situation templates must be resolved before the leader can continue analyzing the enemy. In general, terrain and weather do not favor one side over the other unless one is better prepared to operate in the environment or is more familiar with it. Not only does it facilitate planning, but it also aids in briefing subordinates. A-36. A-69. When analyzing terrain, leaders consider manmade features and effects on natural terrain features and climate. Sustainment Mission Command Threat COA's - Sketch PLT Concept (i.e. The three types of tasks are specified, implied, and essential. Once he briefs the enemy analysis to his subordinates, he must ensure they understand differences between what he knows, what he suspects, and what he just templates (estimates). CBRN operations usually favor the upwind force. He compares their COA with the enemy's most probable COA. What effect will this have on the way the enemy fights?. Deviations or significant conclusions reached during their enemy analysis could positively or negatively affect the battalion's and companys plan should be shared immediately with the battalion, company commander and S-2.
A-92. Our visibility was rapidly deteriorating and, to make matters worse, we had only a single light source in the distance to determine our visibility. A-118. A-30. He determines how the weather will affect the visibility, mobility, and survivability of his unit and that of the enemy. A-111. Terrain analysis should produce several specific conclusions : A-58.
FRAGORDs. In developing the concept of the operation , the leader clarifies in his mind the best ways to use the available terrain and to employ the unit's strengths against the enemy's weaknesses. Implied Tasks. The fifth mission variable of METT-TC is time available. Develop a Concept of Operations
Leaders also must determine if terrain is decisive. When (this is the time given in the company OPORD).
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